1. If you make it into the left turn lane before the light turns red you are entitled to proceed through the intersection.
2. If the driver in front of you goes through an intersection, you are entitled to follow them through it as long as you are tailgating less than one car-length behind them.
3. There are no rules to say who goes first at a four way stop. This must be negotiated every single time through an arcane process of false starts and hand gestures. Alternately, you may try the time-honored method of just going and assuming everyone else will stop for you. If you do end up crashing, it was probably the other person's fault.
4. You should allow plenty of space when passing a cyclist when it's convenient to do so. However, it's still totally fine to pass within inches while driving 10 mph over the speed limit if the alternative would mean slowing down to the cyclist's speed, however briefly. You didn't spend $50,000 on a fancy SUV just to wait in line behind a bicycle!
5. You should consider stopping for pedestrians in crosswalks if they are out in the middle of the street, but NBD if you don't. Pedestrians don't want to get run over, and will take steps to avoid your car, so you don't really need to be that careful.
6. No harm no foul. If nobody died then you're probably doing fine. If a cyclist or pedestrian is yelling at you after a close call, it's a sign that they're OK, and you should feel justified in speeding off.

Edit to add #7: Many streets have a narrow lane between the driving and parking lanes painted with stencils of bicycles. This is know as the "delivery lane", and is used when making deliveries or running into a coffee shop for "just a minute". No one knows what the bicycles refer to.