Something else interesting about the message of Dune is the ultimate failure of the idea of a “philosopher king” or benevolent and all-wise dictator (often idealised as the best form of government, though anyone who’s not a zealot understands it’s impossible in reality).

Paul tries everything he can to minimize suffering as a benevolent leader, using super-human mentat and prescience powers, also with the aid of his sister who has similar powers, and by the end of Messiah he seems to admit defeat “some problems have no answers”, his abilities allow him to find the path of least suffering, but it’s still not enough. The world is too chaotic and beyond our control.