History of Psychedelia - a work in progress

Ancient Egypt - Blue water Lilly residue found in pot in King Tut's tomb. Use of peyote [?] and opium.

South America - Aztecs use morning glory, mushrooms, other psychotropics

1560 - Bernardino de Saha'gun publishes the earliest accounts of peyote; fist mentions of teonanacatl, in "History of the Things of New Spain".

1615 - Francisco Hernandez publishes mind-changing effects of morning glory seeds (Ololiuqui).

1730 - First reports of Amanita muscaria mushrooms among Siberian tribesmen.

1771 - James Cook and a Swedish botanist discover the native Hawaiian kava-kava ceremonies.

1772 - Sir Joseph Priestly produces nitrous oxide (also first to isolate oxygen).

^{1780 - Plants that were brought back to Spain by Cortez are classified by Lamarck as *Erythroxylon coca*}

~1800 - Baron Alexander von Humboldt gathers first scientific report on oiyopo snuff in the Amazonian region.

1839 - William Brooke O'Shaughnessy introduces Cannabis Sativa to western medicine.

1844 - Theophile Gautier starts the Club des Haschischins in Paris, France; held monthly seances for elite writers and intellectuals.

1845 - Jacques-Joseph Moreau, member, publishes the first scientific book ever written on a drug, called "Du hachisch et de l'aliénation mentale, études psychologiques".

1851 - Richard Spruce discovers ayahuasca ceremonies of the South American natives.

1855 - Ernst Freiherr von Bibra writes the first book of its kind, "Die narkotischen Genussmittel und der Mensch," delineating some 17 narcotic stimulants, including coffee and coffee leaf tea, Paraguay tea, guarana, Chocolate, Fahan, Kath, fly agaric, Datura, Coca, Opium, Lactuarium, hashish, tobacco, betel and arsenic.

1860 - Sir Richard Francis Burton publishes The Look of the West, notes cactus, by whites 'whiskey-root' and 'peyoke' by indians

^{1860 - Cocaine is isolated from coca leaves.}

1864 - First published descriptions of tabernantha iboga psychoactivity.

^{1887 - Amphetamine synthesized.}

1889 - Louis Lewin travels to the southwestern US and brings peyote back to labs in Berlin.

1896 - First primary accounts of the peyote experience by Philadelphia physician, S. Weir Mitchell, who then forwarded peyote buttons to Havelock Ellis, who called it "An orgy of visions" and "A new artificial paradise," and to William James who got a stomach ache after eating one, declaring that he would "take the visions on trust."

1897 - Arthur Heffter synthesizes the first crystalline psychedelic from his rival Lewin's specimens - isolated the main psychoactive ingredient by fractioning the peyote alkaloids and trying them on animals and on himself - mezcalin is born. Heffter becomes first to systematically study a naturally occurring psychedelic.

^{1906 - FDA forces Coca-Cola an imitation of Europe's popular cocaine 'Mariani Wine' to remove cocaine from its recipe.}

1907 - Crowley's diary records first experiment with Parke-David fluid peyote extract

1908 - Eugen Bleuler joins the University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich: Burghölzli, the

1909 - Crowley publishes short story "The Drug" illustrating a classic peyote experience, first known report to emphasize entheogenic and spiritual transformative (psychedelic) effects.

1910 - The Eyes of St. Ljubov - first explicit (brief) mention of peyote cactus.

1910 - Crowly experiments on many people with Peyote, inspires publication of "The Rites of Eleusis." Prototype rite the Rite of Artemis invites semi-private audience to drink peyote and watch performance

1911 - Bleuler invents the term schizophrenia (Greek schizo - split, phrene - mind) to describe the previously labelled dementia praecox and introduces the idea of positive and negative symptoms.

1913 - William Arthur Hans Bernhard-Smith writes article 'A Note on the Action of Mescal'

1914 - WWI begins.

1914 Mark Raymond Harrington persuades Mabel Dodge Luhan to reproduce an authentic peyote ritual of the Kiowa tribe in he apartment. Participants included Neith Boyce, Max Eastman and Andrew Dasburg

^{1914 - Harrison Narcotic Act bans cocaine, morphine and heroin.}

1915 - Parks Davis takes interest in Crowley's Anhalonium research, provides him improved with peyote extract preparation

1918 - Arthur Stroll isolates ergotamine for Sandoz, explored for uterine contractions.

1918 - WWI ends.

1919 - Ernst Spath first to synthesize mescaline - renewed scientific interest into peyote.

1919 - Liber CMXXXIV [934]. The Cactus. An elaborate study of the psychological effects produced by Anhalonium Lewinii (Mescal Buttons) [i.e. peyote], compiled from the actual records of some hundreds of experiments; with an explanatory essay.

1920s - British Customs apparently destroy these records.

1927 - Pharmacologist Alexandre Rouhier gave peyote extract to students and published about it.

1927 - Kurt Beringer publishes "Der Meskalinrausch" (Mescaline Inebriation), and introducing its ability to induce psychosis-like states. Its structural similarity sparks first hypotheses into the chemical basis of schizophrenia.

1929 - English monograph attempts to catalog the elements of mescaline visions.

1929 - Crowly discusses possibility of devising pharmaceutical, electrical or surgical method of inducing Samadhi

1930s - Amphetamine substitutes ephedrine, available without prescription.

1933 - Leo Perutz publishes Saint Peter's Snow (reference to San Pedro extract?), a novel that features a mysterious ergot-derived hallucinogen similar to LSD with intoxicating properties similar to mescaline (5 years before LSD's synthesis, 10 years before it's so-called discovery).

1936 - Engineer/ethologist Roberto J. Weitlaner and his colleagues become first westerners to obtain sacred mushrooms.

1937 - American Medical Association sanctions Amphetamine use.

1937 - Richard Evans Shultes completes his biology degree, along with his undergraduate thesis on ritual use of peyote.

1938 - "Weitlaner, his daughter Ermgard, her fiancé ethnologist Jean Bassett Johnson, and two others, became the first westerners since the Spanish arrived in the new world to actually witness a mushroom ceremony."1

1938 - LSD-25 is synthesized from ergot in a series of lysergic acid derivatives Hofmann was researching 'for their vasoactive properties.'

1939 - WWII begins.

1939/41 - R. E. Shultes completes his doctoral's thesis on teonanácatl (1941), publishes two papers describing use of Psilocybe mushrooms and Ololiuqui (morning glory; LSA) in Oaxaca, Mexico.

1943 - LSD psychoactivity announced by Hofmann.

1943 - U.S. Navy begins Project Chatter, testing mescaline, scopolamine and anabasine (similar to nicotine) in recruitment and interrogations

1945 - WWII ends, introducing the Cold War.

1945 - Huxley publishes The Perennial Philosophy.

1948 - Sandoz patents LSD, trademarks and sells it as Delysid, sold in various dosages including 10µg and 25µg vials. Anyone can buy the recipe and make it themselves if they have the equipment.

1950/51 - CIA begins mind control program - Project BLUEBIRD gets renamed Operation ARTICHOKE turns into Project MKUltra - attempt to get individuals to do bidding against their will. Test LSD on many unwitting citizens.

1953 - MKUlra sanctioned by U.S Govt.

1953 - R. Gordon Wasson travels to Mexico with his wife.

1954 - Huxley experiments with Mecaline, supervised by Osmond.

1954 - Woolley and Shaw recognized the structural relationship between LSD and serotonin, and form the first formal hypothesis that brain chemistry has something to do with behavior and mental illness

1955 - Huxley publishes *The Doors of Perception, * exposes similarities between psychedelic experiences and mystical states of consciousness - parallels to the Perennial Philosophy.

1955 - Wasson and his photographer (Alan Richardson) become the first known whites to participate in and publish about the magic mushroom ceremony, conducted by Maria Sabina. They bring specimens back home.

1955 - Humphrey publishes his accounts of Ololiuqui, echoes the psychosis theory.

1956 - Roger Heim identifies Wasson's specimens as Psilocybe, then identifies three species of Psilocybe used in these Native ceremonies: Psilocybe mexicana, zapotecorum, and caerulescens, along with cubensis.

1957 - Hofmann isolates psilocybin and psilocin as the active ingredients from Psilocybe mexicana sent to him by Heim and synthesizes Psilocybin, and two shorting acting diethyl analogs of psilocybin (CEY-19) and psilocin (CZ-74). [clear this up... some confusion as to what is what] Publishes it in 1958.

1958 - Heim and Wasson publish Les Champignons Hallucinogenes du Mexique, considered one of the greatest works of ethnobiology.

1960 - Psilocybin is patented by Sandoz (CY 39) and trademarked as Indocybin (Indo from Indian and indole, and cybin after Psilocybin - "psilo" in Greek means "bald," "cybe" means "head"), sold in various dosages including 2 and 5mg pellets.

1961 - Leo Hollister tested the effects of tolerance to increasing daily doses of psilocybin on a graduate student.

1962 - Phanke and Leary administer Good Friday psilocybin experiment to a group of religiously inclined graduate students.

1963 - Sandoz LSD patents expire; the US FDA classifies LSD as an Investigational New Drug: new restrictions on medical and scientific use.

1963 - Leary and Alpert are fired from Harvard, ending the Harvard Psilocybin Project.

1966 - LSD is outlawed in California on October 6th.

1967 - Heim publishes Nouvelles Investigations sur les Champignons Hallucinogenes.

1968 - Possession of LSD is banned throughout the US.

1968 - Nicholas Sand buys a farm and starts his LSD lab, producing over 3.6 million tablets of Orange Sunshine (ALD-52)

1969 - Orange Sunshine appears on the streets.

1970 - Windowpane acid (gelatin squares) first reported by the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs in the U.S.

1970 - US. Congress classifies LSD as a Schedule-1 drug, having no therapeutic potential.

1970 - Blotter paper comes to the acid scene.

1971 - The UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances prohibits LSD.

1972 - Sand is prosecuted for LSD manufacture, found guilty in 1976 and was set free on bail.

^{1991 - Cold War ends.}

1990s - a resurgence of psychedelics is seen after 80s hiatus.

1993 - The Heffter Research Institute is founded in Zurich.

1993 - Native Americans fight for sacred land rights and rights to use peyote, leads to Religious Freedom Restoration Act, establishing religious freedom laws across the United States.

1996 - Sand 7 are busted for running a Canadian LSD lab that "produced enough acid to dose every man, woman and child in Canada 1.5 times".

1998 - Franz Vollenweider founds the Heffter Research Centre Zürich for Consciousness Studies (HRC-ZH).

2000 - Pickard and Apperson are pulled over transporting their LSD lab, putting an end to the largest illicit manufacturing operation in the history of the US--acid prices soar, acid use drops.

2001 - 9/11, U.S involvement in middle-east begins.

2000s - RCs like 25i-NBOMe hit the market, sold as LSD.

2011 - The Silk Road opens, begins BTC trade. LSD price declines. New era of potential for LSD as it soars through the sky undetected in lettermail worldwide.

2013 - Ross Ulbricht trialed as Dread Pirate Roberts, Silk road shuts down. Soon after, Silk Road 2 opens.

2013 - Erowid publishes warning about increasing sales of NBOMe as LSD.

2014 - LSD Avengers begin using chromatography and other testing on DNM LSD samples and publishing results (e.g. Energy Control), holding LSD vendors accountable for their products.

2014 - Silk road 2 shut down, Agora continues to become largest DNM throughout 2015. Evolution market shuts down with $12M exit scam from escrow BTC.

2015 - Market diversification, improvements of escrow services and decentralization.