Edit: here's a map that's even better than the list below: https://ez.community/map

Here are the cooking ingredient (aka food) locations:

Nexus District shop (beside Brimm) - milk, flour, sugar (also basic noodles recipe for the first cooking quest)

Fractured Plains - oranges, basil

Galian valley - oranges and carrots

Amarite Forest - dragonfruit, basil

Scarlet Vale - dragonfruit, common mushroom

Sporewood Forest - dragonfruit, common mushroom

Obsidian Fortress - cilantro

Skysong Summit - peaches, cilantro

Radiant Coast- papaya

Turtletop - pineapple, papaya

Tangled Cove - pineapple

The Ramshackle - apples, lemons (just southwest of the fast travel point), rosemary

Comment with mistakes or additions and I'll try to keep the post updated.