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With each passing day, the Revolution progresses further. The riots of late July and early August have made incredible progress, with a National Guard, now commanded by the Hero of Two Worlds, the Marquis de Lafayette. The King himself has donned the colours of the Revolution, and the peasants in the streets champion him as the Restorer of French Liberty!
With the rest of August staying more subdued, the National Assembly has time to pass resolutions, to give the new constitution a shape.
23 August
The National Assembly, after little debate, has proclaimed the freedom of religious opinion, including those of the Jews.
24 August
The National Assembly proclaims freedom of speech and the press. No man, within reason, is allowed to be imprisoned for what he says, nor what he writes.
27 August
The National Assembly organized a committee of 30 members previously to begin drafting the constitution. On this committee was the illustrious and renowned Marquis de Lafayette. Having served abroad in the American Revolution, Lafayette has spent much of his time immersed in Enlightenment ideals, along with his American companions and friends. Inspired by the American Revolution, Lafayette, largely alone, drafted a document titled the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen". This document outlines many of the inalienable rights inherent to mankind, and of those afforded to citizens.
Article I โ Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on the common good.
Article II โ The goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, safety and resistance against oppression.
Article III โ The principle of any sovereignty resides essentially in the Nation. No body, no individual can exert authority which does not emanate expressly from it.
Article IV โ Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the fruition of these same rights. These borders can be determined only by the law.
Article V โ The law has the right to forbid only actions harmful to society. Anything which is not forbidden by the law cannot be impeded, and no one can be constrained to do what it does not order.
Article VI โ The law is the expression of the general will. All the citizens have the right of contributing personally or through their representatives to its formation. It must be the same for all, either that it protects, or that it punishes. All the citizens, being equal in its eyes, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents.
Article VII โ No man can be accused, arrested nor detained but in the cases determined by the law, and according to the forms which it has prescribed. Those who solicit, dispatch, carry out or cause to be carried out arbitrary orders, must be punished; but any citizen called or seized under the terms of the law must obey at once; he renders himself culpable by resistance.
Article VIII โ The law should establish only penalties that are strictly and evidently necessary, and no one can be punished but under a law established and promulgated before the offense and legally applied.
Article IX โ Any man being presumed innocent until he is declared culpable if it is judged indispensable to arrest him, any rigor which would not be necessary for the securing of his person must be severely reprimanded by the law.
Article X โ No one may be disturbed for his opinions, even religious ones, provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law.
Article XI โ The free communication of thoughts and of opinions is one of the most precious rights of man: any citizen thus may speak, write, print freely, except to respond to the abuse of this liberty, in the cases determined by the law.
Article XII โ The guarantee of the rights of man and of the citizen necessitates a public force: this force is thus instituted for the advantage of all and not for the particular utility of those in whom it is trusted.
Article XIII โ For the maintenance of the public force and for the expenditures of administration, a common contribution is indispensable; it must be equally distributed to all the citizens, according to their ability to pay.
Article XIV โ Each citizen has the right to ascertain, by himself or through his representatives, the need for a public tax, to consent to it freely, to know the uses to which it is put, and of determining the proportion, basis, collection, and duration.
Article XV โ The society has the right of requesting an account from any public agent of its administration.
Article XVI โ Any society in which the guarantee of rights is not assured, nor the separation of powers determined, has no Constitution.
Article XVII โ Property being an inviolable and sacred right, no one can be deprived of private usage, if it is not when the public necessity, legally noted, evidently requires it, and under the condition of a just and prior indemnity.
The National Assembly, upon reading the document, decide to adopt it as the preamble to the Constitution.
28 August
The next issue on the agenda is the nature of the role of the King in the new constitution. The vast majority of the Estates General are not republicans, no. The King is an important figure in the nation of France, but how involved he should be in day-to-day politics is up for debate. The big issue, at the present moment, is whether or not the King should be allowed to veto legislation proposed by the government. The Assembly is fairly evenly split, and debate ensues.
30 August
Camille Desmoulins, upon hearing of the proposed veto, begins organizing a demonstration at the Palais-Royal to protest giving the King such power. On the 30th of August, his attempted uprising fails, though he evades capture.
31 August
The Constitution Committee presents their constitution. It proposes a two-house parliament, modeled after that of the British Parliament, and a royal right of veto. The debate over the veto continues.
11 September
The National Assembly agree to give the King a veto, though it is only a temporary measure. The King may now veto for a duration of two sessions, shutting down all debate on the matter.
15 September
Desmoulins, recovering from his failed uprising, publishes Discours de la lanterne aux Parisiens, a radical pamphlet calling for political violence against the lacklustre constitution.
16 September
Taking advantage of the new freedom of the press, Jean Paul Marat begins publishing L'Ami du peuple, a newspaper advocating for a more radical political and social revolution.
19 September
In Paris, elections for a new municipal assembly begin. 300 seats are up for election.
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