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The Empire of Ethiopia was although in the modern era, a semi-feudal society. There are complex land tenancy agreements that have dated back hundreds and hundreds of years. Ethiopia has a complex land tenure system. In Wollo Province, for example, there are an estimated 111 types of land tenure. The existence of so many land tenure systems, coupled with the lack of reliable data, has made it difficult to give a comprehensive assessment of landownership by the Imperial Government.
In the northern and southern parts of the Ethiopian Empire, peasant farmers lack the means to improve production because of the fragmentation of holdings, a lack of credit, and the absence of modern facilities. Particularly in the south, the insecurity of tenure and high rents lower the peasants' incentive to improve production.
The way the Ethiopian economy is existing must have a fundamental redevelopment that modernises Ethiopia as well as retaining traditional noble titles and land. It would be too much for the Empire to simply confiscate noble lands and redistribute them, there would be mass chaos across Ethiopia and Emperor Selassie has no plans for ostracising the noble class.
Land reform is a very hot topic among the Ethiopian people, there has been large amounts of support from the student body of Ethiopia as well as of course the peasants themselves who wish for their lives to be vastly improved.
The general schedule for the Five Year Plan is as follows:
- Year 1: Land Reform
- Year 2: Ensure Food Production is Guaranteed
- Year 3: Modernisation of Infrastructure
- Year 4: Development of Industry
- Year 5: Liberalisation of Economy
The Imperial Five Year Plan, Year One
The first year of the five year plan is dedicated to the pressing issue of land reform. Land reform must be done carefully within Ethiopia due to the risk of infuriating the nobility as well as the fact that the peasantry does not fully trust the Imperial Government. In order to balance both desires, the Empire of Ethiopia has begun a process of privatising certain land ownership as well as abolishing the tradition of nobility taking portions of the goods for themselves. To replace this, peasants will work on dual nobility-corporation lands wherein they will be paid a wage, absolved of providing tribute, absolved of paying tenancy payments to landowners, but still they were expected to stay within their traditional lands.
Section 1: The Land
Rist: Rist is a type of communal system mainly found in the north. According to this system, all descendants (both male and female) of an individual founder were entitled to a share, and individuals had the right to use a plot of family land. Rist was hereditary, inalienable, and inviolable. No user of any piece of land could sell his or her share outside the family or mortgage or bequeath his or her share as a gift, as the land belonged not to the individual but to the descent group.
Gult: Gult is an ownership right acquired from the monarch or from provincial rulers who were empowered to make land grants. Gult owners collect tribute from the peasantry and exacted labor service as payment in kind from the peasants.
Samon: Samon is land the government has granted to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church in perpetuity. Traditionally, the church has claimed about one-third of Ethiopia's land; however, actual ownership probably never reached this figure.
Mengist: Mengist is agricultural land registered as government property.
Maderia: Maderia is land granted mainly to government officials, war veterans, and other patriots in lieu of a pension or salary. Although the Imperial Government grants maderia land for life, the state possesses a reversionary right over all land grants; this form of tenure comprised about 12% of the country's agricultural land.
Section 2: The Land and Reforms
Rist > Tibibiri: For Rist as it is one of the most common types of landownership within Ethiopia, this was the first to be affected. The Rist lands are to be turned into cooperatives ran through the communal leadership of these lands, they will be granted freedom from tribute and will be expected to sell their goods to the central market system. Rist lands will be renamed "Tibibiri", or, Cooperative.
Gult > Kubaniya: Gult land is the most traditional form of feudalism and thus is the one most heavily affected by these land reforms. Gult lands will be turned into dual noble-corporate owned areas in which the peasants will be paid a wage as well as paid bonuses for increased productivity. Workers who save enougnh money and show productivity will be allowed to purchase their own land, or shares in the company. Gult lands will be renamed "Kubaniya", or, Company.
Samon: The Samon lands will not be heavily reformed. The only change is that the peasants toiling the land be paid wages derived from the production they create.
Mengist > Gizati: Mengist land will be ran as state-owned farming corporations that will provide wages for their workers as well as giving them freedom to change jobs to whatever is available. There will also be no prohibition of movement from Mengist land. Mengist lands will be renamed "Gizati", or, State.
Maderia > Yetelemede: As the lands of the Maderia are mainly granted to non-noble citizens they were not largely engrained into the feudal practice. Because of this, the Maderia lands granted will be allowed to maintain largely the same practices. However, they will as with the other lands, be forced to pay wages for their tenants and in some cases the workers on those lands will be allowed to purchase their own plot. Some of the Maderia land will be redistributed from the most affluent and loyal nobles and distributed to local important families. Maderia lands will be renamed Yetelemede, or, Common.
Section 3: Land Survey
The final part of the first year of the five year plan is to conduct a nation-wide land survey to determine land ownership of nobility, the bourgeoise, and the common citizen. Ideally, this will allow future improvements from the remaining four years of the plan as the Imperial Government will be able to have updated and accurate information. The Survey would be led by an Imperial Cartographer and those who participate in the land survey will be provided with a small monetary sum, hopefully convincing the vastly poorer citizens of Ethiopia to actively try and help the government's efforts.
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