Hello —

For a personal research project, I'm trying to gather data on voter turnout in pre-modern and early-modern republics. I've found a few sources or estimates for the ancient world — estimating Athenian turnout as around 12% of the adult population and the late Roman Republic as about 2% — and (surprisingly buried) for early French and British elections. (The primary figure I'm looking for is share of the adult population, though I can work backwards from other figures like percent of eligible voters or percent of total population.)

What I've been unable to find are sources for some of the medieval or early-modern republics — Venice, Genoa, the States of Holland, some of the German city-states. I assume the figures are fairly low, given the generally oligarchic nature of these states, though I could be wrong.

It is possible this data does not exist. It's also possible that it exists and I'm missing it, or that it exists but not in English-language sources.

Does anyone have any answers, or suggestions for where to look?